IRAs are designed to allow investors to save money in a way that reduces tax liabilities, thus boosting their ability to save. For 2023, the federal government allows investors age 49 and younger to contribute up to $6,500 per year in an IRA. (The annual limit is $7,500 for those age 50 or older.) IRAs can work in tandem with employer-sponsored 401(k) plans and can even serve as a good replacement for such plans when necessary. They have the distinct advantage of allowing for a wide range of investments. Before we run down the possible IRA investment options, it’s first important to understand how IRA accounts can differ. A traditional IRA allows investors to deduct contributions from their taxable income, but any gains are taxed upon withdrawal. A Roth IRA, however, taxes contributions up front but allows all money to be taken out tax-free at age 59 1/2.
What Investors Can Purchase Through an IRA
Individual Stocks: If a company is publicly traded, you can invest in it through your IRA. Buy big blue-chip stocks. Buy shares of small tech startups. Buy international stocks. If it’s accessible through your broker, you can put it in your IRA. Mutual Funds: If you are not certain about which stocks to buy, you can purchase shares of mutual funds, in which money from investors is pooled together to build a portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other investments based on a specific strategy. You can get mutual funds that are designed to mirror the performance of the broader stock market, to track specific indexes, or to provide exposure to certain market capitalization levels, sectors, or asset classes. Many brokers, including Vanguard, allow investors to make automatic regular investments into specific mutual funds. Exchange-Traded Funds: ETFs are similar to mutual funds but trade more like stocks. They are priced like stocks and traded throughout the day, while mutual funds are priced only at the end of each day. They often have low expenses, and it’s possible to purchase a very small number of shares, or even fractional shares in some cases. Bonds: For investors who are looking to diversify and for those who are closer to retirement age, it makes sense to put some bonds in an IRA portfolio. Bonds essentially allow an investor to lend money to a government or company in exchange for regular interest payments. U.S. Treasury bonds are an almost guaranteed source of stability and income. When it comes to bonds, it’s best to put taxable bonds in an IRA to avoid taxation on any gains or income. Tax-free bonds (such as municipal bonds) are not ideal for IRAs because these are already tax-advantaged. You’d get more out of municipal bonds by putting them in an otherwise taxable account. It’s worth noting that there are mutual funds specifically for bonds. REITs: A real estate investment trust, or “REIT,” is a type of stock that essentially allows you to own shares of real estate. There are REITs for office buildings, industrial spaces, multi-family apartments, and even hotels. REITs are known for paying out high dividends, because they are required by law to distribute most of their net income to shareholders. REITs are fine to keep in a Roth IRA, because their dividends are typically taxed at a higher rate than those of most other stocks. (If you want the dividend income right away, however, you will want to keep the investments in a taxable account.) Cash: It’s perfectly fine to keep some cash on hand in an IRA, as it can give you the flexibility to purchase investments quickly. Cash can also be income-producing, especially if you purchase certificates of deposits (CDs). One popular cash strategy is to have tiers of CDs with a variety of interest rates and terms.
Investments That Are Not Allowed in an IRA
An IRA can be a powerful thing because of the many types of investments permitted, but not everything can be placed into one. It’s tricky to invest in actual real estate, for example. Physical pieces of precious metal, such as gold bars or bullion, are also often not allowed. Life insurance typically isn’t allowed. The IRS also forbids the placement of collectibles such as stamps, antiques, rugs, gems, or artwork in these accounts. Even alcoholic beverages are specifically forbidden from being put into an IRA.
